perineural spread, head & neck

(a) Axial computed tomographic (CT) scan shows the pterygopalatine

canal (arrow) extending toward the palatine foramen.

. (b) Axial CT scan shows the infraorbital foramen

(lOP) and the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF).

(c) Axial CT scan shows the infraorbital canal (arrow) and

the sphenopalatine foramen (arrowhead). FO = foramen ovale, FS foramen spinosum, PPF pterygopalatine fossa, VC vidian canal. 

(d) Axial CT scan shows the superior orbital fissure (SOF)

(e) Coronal CT

scan demonstrates the foramen ovale (arrow).

(f) Coronal CT scan demonstrates the foramen rotundum

(FR), optic nerve canal (ON), superior orbital fissure (SOP), and vidian canal (VC).

 

(g) Coronal CT scan

demonstrates the sphenopalatine foramen (arrow). The pterygopalatine canal (black arrowheads) is seen extending toward the palatine foramen (white arrowhead). IOF inferior orbital fissure, PPF pterygopalatine fossa. 

(h) Coronal CT scan demonstrates the palatine foramen (arrow). The infraorbital foramen (IOF)

is seen extending along the